Cat Behavior

1. The human-cat relationship
2. Cat Aggression
3. Cat behavior - the various cat breeds and individual cats
4. Communication
5. Social behavior
6. Courtship, mating, development
7. Hunting and Play
8. Have your say - share stories about cat behavior
9. Click here to see visitors' submissions
10. E-Book on ways to avoid behavior problems (new page)
    
11. Cat Behavior as seen by long term cat guardians (new page)

• The human-cat relationship

• For obvious reasons, domestic cat behavior depends to a large extent on our behavior. It is said that our relationship with our cat is based on the model of "commensalism" - meaning one based on a benefit to both parties. In the purebred cat world we play God and create the cat to suit the human.
  
• Our relationship, though, is a paradox. On the one hand we love our cats. On the other we hate them, poison them, hoard them, shoot them [link], use them for financial profit, abandon them and abuse them. It depends on the person. And that depends mainly on education. Attitudes vary substantially. Fear of cats plays a part [link]. People have polarised views about feral cats and on whether to keep cats permanently indoors.
• Main page: Ownership of cats in the UK
  
• Our expectations in respect of cat behavior affect how we perceive cat behavior. For example, with our emphasis on speech as a form of communication, we tend to fail to understand the cat's non-vocal forms of communication such as scratching and scent marking. Our behavior affects cat behavior. If we have high and unrealistic expectations, cat behavior will be unacceptable. If we create a stressful environment our cat will be stressed and it will behave accordingly, sometimes aggressively.
• Those people who are most satisfied with their cat's behavior and who form the closest bonds with their cat are the people who are the most respectful and accepting of their cat as a cat and their individual traits. The type of close bond formed is, however, flexible in its nature depending on the character and personality of the human.
  
• How we socialise our cats is a major factor in cat behavior. The 3-7 week period of kitten hood is important for socialisation¹. Poorly socialised cats will find it hard to fit in with the human way of life but even feral cats can be tamed and wild cats socialised. The best wildcat hybrid breeders socialise their cats beautifully leading to very acceptable cat behavior for us. 
• Socialisation of kittens is a form of cat training.
• What do we like about cats? Answer: companionship; they are clean, they are easy to care for and they have their own personalities².
• In respect of people's own cats, cat keepers said that what they liked most about their cat was the interactive behavior (97% said this³).
• Our bonding with our cats is naturally based on the same reasons why we bond with other humans, namely, spending time with our cat, being physically close to them, playing with them and petting them⁴. Cats and pets also provide their own support to the human, distinct from the support of other humans.
  
• Kittens raised without human contact will always be fearful of strange humans but may warm to a single person. This is expected cat behavior.
  
• Selective breeding of the cat breeds also increases our cat's sociability. Breeders should select cats that have the correct appearance and temperament to maximise best cat behavior.
  
• A1 Savannahs, arguably the world's best breeders, made important decisions early on to breed from cats with known good temperaments over appearance. That decision has paid off. Studies show that well socialised and confident mothers increases the confidence of the kittens resulting in better relationships with people⁵through cat behavior that fits best with ours.
  
• I have personal evidence of the power of early socialisation. A F2 Savannah cat that was bottle fed by Martin Stucki is now an incredibly warm and friendly kitten towards people -  see Florence here - (date: 23rd May 2010)⁶. All their cats are very similar.
  
• Cats unlike dogs follow their own mind⁷ despite being integrated into our way of life and they choose the type and intensity of the relationship with us as it is the cat who is in control of the level of relationship⁸.
• Cats generally initiate contact with people for petting, food and other requests such as to go outside.
  
• Some cat behavioral traits prevents the cat from fully integrating and one such trait is their sleep cycle. Cats are crepuscular, meaning most active at dawn and dusk and at night, when hunting is most effective. The cat is, therefore, most active when we want to sleep.
• Sometimes the human environment is utterly strange and adaptation for the cat difficult. Small apartments come to mind. Games are paramount in these environments.

• We need to try and get into the mind of our cat and not ensure that we don't equate feline social behavior with that of a dog as they are very different.
  
• Our living arrangements affect a cat's behavior but its underlying hard-wired wild cat instincts subsist but are gradually being eroded.
  
• We keep the adult domestic cat in a permanent state of kitten hood⁹. This is shown in many examples including greeting us in the same way as a kitten greets its mother. Another is cat kneading and cat purring when stroked by us.
• Cat behavior, including vocalisations and scent exchanges, is dependent on our reaction to the cat. If we respond to a cat's call the cat will call less - sounds obvious but the relationship is mutual.
  
• A human's liking of cats often comes from positive experiences with cats when a child¹⁰.
  
• A fear of cats can come from a negative experience concerning cats during childhood [link 1] [link 2]
  
• We often have false expectations regarding cat behavior and fail to treat them as cats, wishing instead to own a creature that is like a cat but not exactly.
  
• At 2006 there were 10,332,955 domestic cats in the UK¹¹. There were 75 million in the USA at 2002¹².
• The number of feral cats in the USA is unknown but similar to the number of domesticated cats¹³.
  
• At 2006 26% of UK households kept a cat¹⁴ (see more info). In the USA the percentage was 34% at 2002¹⁵. These figures exclude strays and ferals.
• There are many people in the USA who care for feral cats in a variety of capacities from simple feeding and caring to mobile TNR units. These are charities. See many articles by these people.
• In a survey of cat ownership in Massachusetts, USA, of 1996, it was discovered that most domestic cats were obtained from a friend or were stray cats that were found. A large number of these "found cats" were outdoor cats and people cared for the cat while not considering themselves owners. Cats received half the veterinary care of dogs and 30% had no vet to go to. 82% of the cats were neutered¹⁶. But 22% had litters before being neutered.
  
• Generally speaking, intelligent people keep cats¹⁷.
• In households where there are both sexes of human, women most often care for and interact with (including talk to) the cat¹⁸.
• The typical cat owner in the USA is a single career woman, living alone or with a partner, in a small home in an urban environment¹⁹.
  
• There are more dogs than cats in the UK at 2006²⁰.
• Feral cats are the result of our behavior. It is our responsibility to deal with them humanely. Action to prevent the creation of feral cats should focus on the cause - us²¹.
• Trap, neuter and release (return) - TNR - is considered the best way to humanely deal with feral cats. The process is weakened by restricting it to local areas rather than a widespread approach.
• Some people feel TNR does not work. The saving of the Scottish wildcat is dependent on a successful scheme of TNR in the highlands of Scotland.
• Los Angeles city has pulled support for TNR on an application to the Superior court by a bird conservation organisation (20th March 2010).
  
• The gradual extirpation of the wildcats from the smallest Rusty-spotted cat to the largest Siberian tiger is due to us (see wild cat size). We must learn to live with them not force them off the planet. This is largely to do with education, human population growth, corruption, and financial profit in the short term at any long term cost²². Clever schemes are needed. Main page on wildcats: Wild Cat Species.
  
• Declawing of cats is widespread in the United States - 20 million cats declawed. There are virtually none in Europe and indeed the rest of the world except for Canada where a similar mentality is encountered.
• 8 cities in California have banned the declawing of cats at April 2010.
  
• California has a bill passing through the legislature at April 2010 that bans landlords stipulating declawed cats when renting.
• Existing animal cruelty laws in the USA could be used to prosecute those who declaw for non-therapeutic reasons.
  
• Unwanted cats are sometimes euthanised inhumanely.
• Euthanasia of healthy cats is not euthanasia [link]
• Humans can train cats but the concept is reward based while for dogs it is discipline²³. Clicker training a reward based training. See also cat training.
• We like to think that cats can be psychic. There is some substance behind this. Can cats predict death etc.? My cat sensed Illinois earthquake.
  
• There are people who are able to communicate with cats beyond the normal.
  
• We have associated cats with satanic cults.
• Is there a cat overpopulation problem?
• We should choose a cat and a cat breed carefully, making sure that we are in a position to take care of the cat adequately for the life of the cat.
• The benefits of living with a domestic cat are well documented and include medical and psychological health.
• Cat functions:
• companionship - all studies cite this as one of two major reasons for keeping a cat. The other is to provide a home for the cat²⁴.
  
• "someone" to care for
• keeps us busy - occupied mind is a healthy mind.
  
• something to touch - cat is likely to be always accepting - hassle free release of the need for this activity.
  
• focus of attention
• Benefits of cat companion:
• Stress reduction - talking to a cat is easier and more relaxing than talking to a person - mental health benefits. Talking to other people can increase heart rate and blood pressure but the opposite happens when talking to a cat²⁵.
  
• focus for nurturing and care giving - release for this natural desire - mental health
  
• soothing to touch - mental health
  
• more play and laughter - mental health
• companionship - tackles loneliness
• Receiving non-judgmental affection
• develops self-esteem if good cat caretaking takes place.
• Cat owners scored higher on psychological health over non-cat owners²⁶.
• Many cat owners need "expectation management" training and education on cat care taking.
• Certain signs indicated a higher risk of the cat caretaker abandoning their cat(s):
• cat intact (not neutered)
• cat is less than 6 months of age. Cats kept for one year or more developed a better attachment to their cat. Adequate time is needed²⁷. Plus commitment.
  
• no or little veterinary care
• cat adopted free or spur of the moment decision
• cat confined to place outside of house (i.e. basement)
• cat has "behavior problems" that are in fact "human problems" in cat care taking
• lack of human patience in allowing cat-human relationship to develop
• lack of proper expectations and/or realistic ideas on cat caretaking by a person regarding cat care taking and cat behavior leads to relinquishment - this is a major factor in cat relinquishments in my view. This points to education and more education that is required.
  
• Most often so called "euthanised" cats are killed. There is a difference.
  
• Main page: Euthanise a cat
• Main page: Humanely euthanise a cat
• Main page: Feral cats are killed not euthanised
• Main page: No kill animal shelters (part 1) - No kill animal shelters (part 2)
  
• Cat shelters could do much better to reduce the killing rate of cats in their charge.
• It is argued that cat keeping needs to be regulated. There are many areas where regulation could reduce abandonment and accordingly reduce the stray and feral cat populations.
• In conclusion: education and legislation plus better managed cat shelters are needed to reduce and ultimately eliminate feral and stray cat populations.
• Update Jan 2011: Young male moggies are more likely to be involved in car accidents and Moving With A Cat...stress, stress..help!
• Essay on cat parenting....get some tea ready.
• External link: Cats, Dogs and Friends
• Cat Population Control. See the video and leave a comment.
  

• Cat Aggression

• Cat aggression is a form of cat behavior. It is perhaps the most profound reason for abandonment after inappropriate elimination (not using the litter). There are good and discernible reasons for it and most of them are down to us! Cats need to express their innate desire to hunt. Cats should be respected as cats. Expectations about cat behavior should be accurate. An understanding of our cat's behavior will improve our behavior towards our cat.
  
• Main page on this subject: Aggressive cat behavior
• Main page: Don't Punish Your Cat.
  

• Cat behavior - the various cat breeds and individual cats

• There is no doubt that there are variations in the behavior amongst the large number of cat breeds. Some breeds stand out immediately. The Maine Coon chirps and trills while the Siamese and Oriental Shorthairs are more vocal, loud, playful and demonstrative compared to Persians. The British Shorthair has an almost silent meow. The Sphynx cat is almost monkey like and intelligent. The wildcat hybrids are more intelligent and more active and demanding as a result. The Persian is more placid and static while the Ragdoll is laid back. But these are generalisations. Some Ragdolls won't be laid back. The differences in character between individual cats is more pronounced, it could be argued than the differences in character between the breeds.
  
• Pedigree cats are very slightly more friendly, interactive and affectionate than non-pedigree cats (random bred cats)²⁸.
  
• The two ends of the cat breed behavior spectrum are probably the Persian at the placid end and the F1 Savannah at the most active end.
• Cat behavior follows cat intelligence. Placid cats are less smart. Active cats are usually smarter.
  
• The Persian is considered one the least intelligent cat breeds while the F1 Savannah is smart.
• The Sphynx is considered the most intelligent domestic cat breed other than the wild cat hybrids.
  
• Main page on this subject: each breed description has a paragraph on character and behavior, start at the top: Pictures of Cat Breeds A-H
• Cat intelligence varies from breed to breed. Main page on this subject: Cat Intelligence.
• It is said that cat personality can divided into two broad groups (a) cuddlers who desire close contact and (b) players who are energetic²⁹. There other ways to classify cat personality types.
  
• Disabled cats learn to adapt their cat behavior to accomodate their disability by relying on their range of superb skills.
• Breeders tend to selectively breed for appearance over behavior (character).
  

• Cat behavior - Communication

• The domestic cat has modified the wild cat expressions of territorial and social behavior because it lives with human caretakers and other companion animals.
• Cat breed and type is not a barrier to cats communicating with each other. Cats communicate using sound, smell and sight (including scratching).
• In the wild scent marking is very useful as it allows information of a cat's presence to be communicated for a long period of time when the cat is not there, preventing territorial disputes and fights.
  
• Scent is deposited through rubbing (from skin glands), urine (spraying) and feces.
• Glands on a cat's lips, face, ears feet and body contain chemical scents which act as markers. Scent markers declare to other cats their presence and the time of their presence (due to the aging process of the scent affecting it odour). Does scent contain cat pheromones?



• Scent gland	Location
  Submandibular	Beneath chin
  Perioral	Corners of mouth
  Temporal	Side of forehead
  Sebaceous	Base of tail
  Interdigital	Between pads of paws



• Domestic cats scent mark their human companions (scent exchange); Rubbing their forehead and the side of their head against our legs most usually. Cats also frequently deposit scent on to doors and other rigid cat height objects around the home to make it more friendly to them. Rubbing is called "bunting" apparently³⁰.
• Intact males and in estrus females tend to head rub more than other cats.
• Cats who are housemates or in close relationships scent exchange. The scent glands provide information about identity it is thought.
• Scent from the sweat glands in the cat's paws also mark trails.
  
• Spraying is achieved by the cat turning its back to the object to be sprayed, keeping its tail upright (and quivering sometimes) and jetting a relatively small quantity of more pungent than normal urine onto the chosen object. Cat urine spraying horizontally on objects is a form of scent marking. Morpheus a male serval sprayed me three times.
  
• The extra pungency of sprayed urine comes from amino acids, felinine and isovathene produced in the kidneys and excreted in the urine³¹.
• Male and females spray urine; intact males spray the most. Research indicates that spraying in domestic cats is a means to identify the individual, its reproductive status and territory³².
• Neutering (male) and spaying (female) can eliminate or reduce spraying but it can continue, sometimes.
  
• When cats smell urine marking they use the Flehmen response (mouth slightly open to use a gland on the roof of their mouth - see cats nose - the sniff). Cats do not over-mark with their own urine but simply smell and receive the message.
• Wild cats do not bury feces. Some use a defined area as a toilet. This is also a form of marker of presence. Domestic cats usually bury feces. The reason is unclear but may be for reasons of hygiene or (my theory) cats are down the pecking order to humans and burying feces eradicates their presence and does not challenge the human.
• Scratching is also a form of communication. Most cats prefer to scratch vertical rough or hard textured objects. Scratching is also used to stretch. Scratching appears to be a means of making the area where the cat lives more friendly. Cat scratching deposits scent too.
  
• Cat scratching posts should be placed in areas where cats usually scratch and be solid and well grounded. Cats scratch prominent objects. Cat scratching posts should be in prominent positions.
• See Cat Scratching Furniture. Declawing is not the answer to cat scratching furniture.
• Cat scratching trees or the ground (wild cats), for example, is a form of visual communication.
  
• Cat body language (body posture and facial expressions) is one form of communication that we should be aware of. Cat body language is used for close communication while vocal communication is for long distance. Defensive/aggressive displays include, bristling hair, dilated pupils, arching the back and placing the ears down and pointing backwards (to protect them in an ensuing fight).
• A more nervous cat might avert its eyes when you look at it and yawn, while a more confident cat looks you in the eye³³.
• A cat employs sumo style stand off posturing and loud calling before and to avoid a fight. This can result in one of the two backing off³⁴.
  
• A cat that is on the offensive employs direct eye contact with an attack posture. Whiskers are pushed forward.
• A relaxed cat might yawn and stretch.
• Apprehension is demonstrated by a crouched position with ears flattened and pupils dilated.
• A threatened cat rolls over into a defensive position revealing claws and teeth.
  
• The nuances of facial expressions are not as important in the cat world as in ours³⁵.
  
• Cat feces are also a marker, visual and as a form of scent marking. When they are unburied it might be in a neighbour's garden as a marker of the boundary of the cat's territory.
• Cat feces have deposits of scent from the anal sacs on them, which identify the cat³⁶.
  
• Main page on vocalizations: Cat sounds
• Main page on domestic cats including communication (social organisation): Domestic cats
• Main page on wild cats. Each cat is discussed in detail including communication: Wild Cat Species.
  
• Cats also use their paws to touch us as a form of communication. Cats touch us in the morning to wake us up. The first touch is gentle the second less so. And the third....³⁷
  

How far can and do we go when communicating with our cat?

• There are 23 different cat sounds, it is thought³⁸ (this does not, on the face of it, concur with the Sunquists³⁹).There are three cat sound types: murmurs (purring, chirp), vowels and high intensity sounds (usually reserved for communicating with another cat).
• It is also said that a cat's questions and demands all include vowels⁴⁰. We can understand the different meaning of the various types of meow through the experience of living with our cat.
• Cat crying is a sign of pain, insistent night time demands for attention or the sounds of a cat in estrous.
• When we stroke our cat it is mimicking the behavior of mother cat licking her young. We should be aware of that to make sure that we stroke in the right place and gently.
  

• Social behavior

• Cats are essentially social loners despite the fact that for the sake of survival or because of what we do, they are adaptable.
  
• A cat's social behavior is governed by food and territory and these are linked⁴¹. See table below this section.
  
• It is also governed by the cat's degree of socialisation.
• Cats socialised to other animals such as dogs and humans between 2 and 7 weeks of age get on with these animals throughout their life. It seems that 40 minutes or longer is required each day⁴².
  
• A cat socialised to a single person within the 2-7 week period develop a preference for that person.
• A cat's behavior towards its human caretaker is somewhat dependent on the number of cats and people in the home⁴³:

• Situation	Effect44
  One or two people in home	Cats are more affectionate towards human caretakers than if there are more than two people.
  Single cat homes	Cats interact more with the people of the house
  Cats kept exclusively indoors	Cats are more active and interact more with human caretakers. But they head butt and scent exchange less with humans.



• There is no significant difference between neutered females and males in their behavior towards their human caretakers. 
• There is no significant difference between cats of different age in their behavior towards their human caretakers, except for kittens.
• In new introductions between cat and human, research indicates the following:

• Situation	Effect45
  Cat initiates interaction with human	Cat shows no preference to male of female person
  Human initiates interaction with cat	Cat prefers adult women who sat and greeted cat. Cat liked less child who approached directly.

  
  
• The amount of food available to the cat in the area where it is affects its behavior. Where food is plentiful cats congregate and form colonies as their is no need to defend a hunting territory. Where it is scarce they are more likely to act individually.
• There is a direct correlation between the social behavior of the domestic cat and food source - see table below.
  
• The availability of a food source is the biggest determining factor in a cat's social behavior. The more food - the more sociable. Feral cats reduced to hunting generally restrict social interaction to defensive postures⁴⁶.
• When cats are well fed and sociable they rest together, sleep in contact with each other (50% of the time), lick each other (64% of the time), rub against each other (29%). Little aggression is shown (7% of the time). Intact (unneutered) males interact half as much as females. Neutered males make as many body contacts as spayed females. Spayed females make more body contacts with other cats than intact females.
  
• Feral cats can be called upon to change their behavior over the course of the year as the food supply changes.
  
• The cat is not naturally a pack animal⁴⁷ although there are exceptions (see lion socialisation). Domestic cats are though more social than thought.
  
• Sometimes the only time a cat makes contact with another cat is when mating!⁴⁸ 
  
• A cat's relationship with other cats is less important than its tenure of territory⁴⁹. Territory can be demarcated by human boundaries and of course marking as described in the communication section above. Boundary disputes are also dealt with by "displays of intent"⁵⁰ and fighting if needs must.
  
• A cat's relationship with other cats depends to a good extent on its individual character and their may be a connection between cat breed and sociability. In one study⁵¹ it was found that long haired cats adjusted to a new cat better than the Siamese cat. Young cats make friendships more easily than older cats subject to the cat's personal characteristics.
• Cats recognise close cat companions by scent. If a cat loses its scent (bathed for example) it can instantly become a stranger until the scent returns⁵².
• Households that have a large family of cats will notice that the hierarchical arrangement is fluid. When one cat dies or goes away the dynamics change.
  
• Cats see other cats as competition for territory⁵³.
• Pet cats or companion cats who live with and get on with other cats in the same household still show vestiges of territorial rights by for example having a favorite place to sleep.
• A ranking hierarchy is established by companion cats in the same household. This enables peace to generally reign (cat dominance hierarchy). Sometimes an individual cat is made an outcast for no apparent reason.
• It is said that a domestic cat can take 2 - 5 weeks to get used to a new territory⁵⁴. I think it is nearer 6 months.
  
• Cats learn from their mother and close relatives by watching.
• The domestic cat is adaptable, therefore, in the interests of survival.
• Feral cats can behave like a pride of lions in respect of social support and group behavior⁵⁵.
• Melatonin is thought to be responsible for the cat's routine of sleeping for 16 hours per day.
• Domestic cats probably sleep as much as they do through boredom or because they need not hunt for food. In the wild the efficiency of the cat as a hunter allows it time to sleep for long periods⁵⁶.
• Cats have a superior sense of direction. See homing instincts of cats.
• Cats grieve. In a study in the United States, it was found that when cats lived together indoors (which is common in the USA) if one died, more than 50% of the surviving cats ate less the next day, they were more vocal, over 40% spent more time at the deceased cat's favorite spot for 6 months after the death and they sought more affection from their human caretakers.
• It has also been observed that, inline with the solitary nature of all cats including domestic cats, a surviving cat of a couple of cats when one of them dies, is happier after the death of his or her cat companion. The term happiness may be strictly speaking incorrect as it is a term defined by people. But it seems to be established that the surviving cats were more relaxed.
  

• Cat behavior - courtship, mating, development

• We have to include the wild cats here. I cover the development of wild cats for each species. Here are some examples:
• Main page on: Tiger development
  
• Main page on: Baby tigers
• Main page on: Snow leopard cubs. All the wild cat species are covered.
  
• There is some variation between the wild cats but all cats both domestic and wild follow similar patterns of behavior. There are three stages: cat heat, cat mating and cat pregnancy...
  
• Main page on Cat heat behavior is very specific. The domestic cat acts similarly to the wildcats and on occasion like the lion.
• Main page on Cats mating
• Main page on Cat pregnancy
• Main page on: Overview of reproduction & development of the domestic cat.
• Main page on: Kitten development
  
• Female wild cat territories are encompassed by a wider male territory (see tiger ecology). Wild cat females call and mark territory to signal that she is in heat.
  
• Females mate with the male of choice when ready.
• Young males are often "impetuous" and are rebuffed.
• Domestic cats mate 10 - 20 times daily when mating⁵⁸.
• Mating sessions can continue for 4 - 6 days.
• Males can wait in line forming a queue, one replacing the other when he is tired.
• Males don't usually have a parental role.
• Male lions commit infanticide killing the cubs of the last dominant male (lion facts). Similar activity may on occasion occur in respect of domestic and feral cats. Research showed that a male who had just arrived on the scene killed six kittens of three queens who were absent⁵⁹. Females don't commit infanticide but occasionally it might very rarely happen if the cat is inexperienced and stressed.
  
• In order for a female to attract lone males she appears to be promiscuous when compared with more sociable animals such as people and dogs (a pack animal).
• Kittens are born in a very immature state with eyes closed and hearing poorly developed. The cat is an altricial⁶⁰ species.
  
• Cat behavior - Mothering:
  
• Whether a female domestic cat makes a good mother or not depends on genes, emotional maturity and how they were mothered.
• In cat colonies or communities females may act as midwives in licking the newborn of other cats and cutting the umbilical cord⁶¹.
• We all know the aggression and fearless passion with which a mother defends and protections her young.
• The mother licks her young to stimulate bowel movements. That is why adult cats sometimes raise their backs when being stroked.
• Mothers eat all the kittens body waste products to remove scent for their protection and to keep the den tidy.
• The mother may move kittens after birth and at about 4 days of age. This is believed to be for their protection. Mothers carry kittens by the scruff of the neck.
• A mother's interaction with her kittens is vital to the kittens development as a well balanced adult cat. In terms of the cat's development as a well socialised domestic cat living with people interaction with people (see below) is equally important.
• Update 19th Aug 2010: Here is the answer to the question: How Fast Do Cats Breed?

• Cat behavior - hunting and play

• It is said that the domestic, stray and feral cat is the best small land based predator⁶⁴.
  
• Hunting is instinctive for a cat and this instinct needs to be accommodated by cat caretakers. Hunting is not necessarily linked with hunger.
  
• Different "types" of domestic cat hunt in different ways:
• domestic cats turned feral and in rural areas hunt prey like wildcats. They are able to express their desire to hunt naturally.
  
• feral cats in urban areas hunt and scavenge but scavenging dominants because it is easier to find food that way.
  
• domestic cats that go outdoors do some plain prey hunting turning from domestic to wild cat at the cat flap.
• full-time indoor domestic cats express their innate skills on toys designed for the purpose - main page on cat play: cat games to play. There is perhaps a tendency for cat caretakers to allow this drive to go unrecognised and unexpressed.
  
• domestic cats turned feral on small islands have had an impact on native wildlife.
• there is a lack of objective thinking and accurate data on the impact of feral cats on birds despite what the bird conservationists say (how feral cats affect wildlife).
• there is a competition between bird conservationists and feral cat protectors and carers (see feral cats of Los Angeles).
• In a German survey 40-60% of domestic cats fed by their owners had the remains of prey in their stomach⁶⁵.
  
• Domestic cat prey varies around the world. Cats generally, however, take ground dwelling animals as they are easier to catch.

• When cats stalk prey on cut lawns it causes a conflict because there is not enough cover. Tail swishing is a visible sign of mental conflict. Nose licking also indicates displacement behavior (the same as us scratching our head for example).
  
• The domestic cat is essentially crepuscular, hunting at dawn and dusk using its effective low light vision (cat's eyes). However, it varies. It could be at night (in warmer weather) or at midday (in colder weather). 
• Hunting reflects the activity of the domestic and feral cat's prey.
• The classic domestic cat hunting strategy is waiting and watching patiently at a place where prey is likely to appear.
• Domestic, stray and feral cats use long grass as cover when stalking if available.
  
• A kitten instinctively knows how to pounce. Having stalked and pounced on prey the cat may position itself on its side to allow it to use its hind claws to rake the prey.
• Maine page on Social Play in the Domestic Cat.
• The best cat hunters are mothers followed feral cats⁶⁷. Mother cats are approximately 3-4 times more efficient at catching prey than non-mothers⁶⁸.
• Mothers delay killing prey, sometimes playing with it. There are good reasons for this: domestic cat hunting. A conflicting reason is give by Paul Leyhausen who says that play with killed prey is called, "overflow play" and is a release of tension after a difficult but successful hunt against a potentially prey such as a rat.
  
• Dr Bruce Fogle says, "few cats can catch birds". Birds are less often eaten than ground dwelling animals as the feathers need plucking. Many wild cats pluck bird feathers carefully before feeding (cat eats a bird). Bird kills seem high because the bird is not eaten. See mouser cat.
  
• Main page on domestic cats and behavior including hunting.
• Cats can have a big impact of native species if these species live on small islands. There are documented cases.
  
• In my view not enough is known about the impact of feral cats on prey species such as birds. We don't even know how many feral cats there are. The situation has become political, contentious and polarised.
• Main page on this: How feral cats affect wildlife.
• Main page on hunting birds: Domestic cats do not decimate bird populations.
  
• Domestic cats bringing prey back to our home could be a reflection of the wildcats habit of dragging prey to a hidden site as a food store for the next meal. The cougar buries prey under a twigs and leaves mound constructed for the purpose.
  
• In Los Angeles (at April 2010) the authorities have stopped the support of the city for people practicing TNR on the basis that it affects bird populations and has no benefit to the feral cat population.
• There is concern over the impact of feral, stray and domestic cats on wildlife. Some places implemented schemes to try and limit cat hunting:

• Cats need to exercise their innate desire to hunt. We owe to them as their caretakers to ensure that it can be expressed. This means plenty of play when appropriate.

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